حلول الممارسات – 1 – الإستمرارية

3. 1.3

تؤثر ثلاث قوى على الجسم المعلق، قوتان شد لأعلى وقوة الجاذبية لأسفل.

سنرسم مخططًا للقوى المؤثرة على الجسم، باستخدام هيئة محاور تتكون من محور أفقي X ومحور رأسي Y. 

سنقوم بتحليل قوتي الشد لمركبتيهما، هندسياً زاوية ميل الخيطان «math xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨22px¨»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#945;«/mi»«/mstyle»«/math» هي الزاوية بين قوة الشد ومركبة الشد في الاتجاه الأفقي.

نعبر عن مركبات قوى الشد على النحو التالي:

«math xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨20px¨»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»T«/mi»«msub mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»1«/mn»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»X«/mi»«/msub»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»1«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»cos«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»)«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mrow mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«msub»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»1«/mn»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»Y«/mi»«/msub»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»=«/mo»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»1«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»sin«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»)«/mo»«/mrow»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«mrow mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«msub»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»X«/mi»«/msub»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»=«/mo»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»cos«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»)«/mo»«/mrow»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#160;«/mo»«mrow mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«msub»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»Y«/mi»«/msub»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»=«/mo»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»sin«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»)«/mo»«/mrow»«/mstyle»«/math»

بحسب القانون الأول لنيوتن، فإن محصلة القوى المؤثرة على جسم مُعلّق موجود في حالة سكون تساوي صفرًا. 

في الاتجاه الأفقي، تكون محصلة القوى المؤثرة على الجسم صفرًا، وفي الاتجاه الرأسي، تكون محصلة القوى المؤثرة عليه صفرًا أيضًا. 

نكتب معادلة القوى وفقًا لذلك:

   «math xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨22px¨»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#931;F«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»Y«/mi»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»0«/mn»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«msub»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»1«/mn»«/msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»Y«/mi»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»+«/mo»«msub»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»2«/mn»«/msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»Y«/mi»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»W«/mi»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«menclose mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨ notation=¨box¨»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»1«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»sin«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»)«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»+«/mo»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»sin«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»)«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»=«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»m«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»g«/mi»«/menclose»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«/mstyle»«/math»                                                   «math xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨22px¨»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#931;F«/mi»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»X«/mi»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»0«/mn»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»T«/mi»«msub mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»1«/mn»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»X«/mi»«/msub»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«msub»«msub mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«/msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»X«/mi»«/msub»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«menclose mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨ notation=¨box¨»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»1«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»cos«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»)«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»=«/mo»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»cos«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»)«/mo»«/menclose»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«/mstyle»«/math»

يميل الخيطان بنفس الزاوية، لذلك لأسباب تتعلق بالتماثل، يمكن تحديد أن الشد بالخيطين متساوٍ ويبقى ثابتًا ويتحقق:   «math xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨22px¨»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»1«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»2«/mn»«/msub»«/mstyle»«/math».

نحسب قوى الشد وفقًا لذلك باستخدام معادلة الحركة في الاتجاه الرأسي.

«math xmlns=¨http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML¨»«mstyle mathsize=¨22px¨»«menclose mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨ notation=¨box¨»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»1«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»sin«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»)«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»+«/mo»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»sin«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»)«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»=«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»m«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»g«/mi»«/menclose»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#7F007F¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#7F007F¨»2«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#7F007F¨»=«/mo»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#7F007F¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#7F007F¨»1«/mn»«/msub»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»1«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»sin«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»)«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»+«/mo»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#7F007F¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#7F007F¨»1«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»sin«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»)«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»m«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»g«/mi»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»2«/mn»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#183;«/mo»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»1«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»sin«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»)«/mo»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»W«/mi»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«mspace linebreak=¨newline¨/»«msub»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»T«/mi»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»1«/mn»«/msub»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«mfrac mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»W«/mi»«mrow»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»sin«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»)«/mo»«/mrow»«/mfrac»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«mfrac mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»«mrow»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»m«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»g«/mi»«/mrow»«mrow»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»sin«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»(«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#945;«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»)«/mo»«/mrow»«/mfrac»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«mfrac mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»«mrow»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»10«/mn»«/mrow»«mrow»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨»sin«/mi»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»(«/mo»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»30«/mn»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»)«/mo»«/mrow»«/mfrac»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«mfrac mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»20«/mn»«mrow»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»2«/mn»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨»§#183;«/mo»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»0«/mn»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨».«/mo»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨»5«/mn»«/mrow»«/mfrac»«mo mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»=«/mo»«mn mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»20«/mn»«mi mathvariant=¨bold¨ mathcolor=¨#0000FF¨»N«/mi»«/mstyle»«/math»

لذلك، يمكن تحديد أن كلا الخيطين مشدودان بنفس قوة الشد والتي مقدارها 20 نيوتن.